HOME摂食障害と一緒に生きる>摂食障害と薬・SSRIについて 2

摂食障害と薬・SSRIについてより続いています

摂食障害の治療において多く処方されている薬について書いています。
可能な限りの情報は調べましたが、私自身は特別な専門知識のない人間です。
その点をご理解いただいて、
この情報を必要とされる方のみ以下を読んでくださるように
あらかじめお願いいたします。

で、日本ではどうか、というと、薬の辞典を見ても今のところ
「摂食障害に適応」とするものはないですね。
治療薬辞典上では日本に摂食障害を治す薬はありません。

しかしながら臨床では使われている場合が多く
いかなる目的を持って使われているか、というと

・過食衝動そのものを抑えるのではないか
・強迫性障害としての側面に効果を出すのではないか(強迫的に体重が怖い、など)
・食欲を抑えるだろう
・セロトニン仮説(過食そのものがセロトニンの活動の低下によっておこっているのではないか、と考える説)
・過食時、嘔吐時のベータエンドルフィンを抑える
・過食の人に伴ううつの改善
・過食の人に伴う気分の不安定の改善(リストカット、万引きなどのいわゆる逸脱行為と呼ばれるものを回避する)
などを目的として使われているようですね

四つ目のベータエンドルフィンというのは何か、というと
いわゆる「脳内麻薬」です。
過食をすることでそれを「快」とする物質が分泌されるのではないか。
そうであればそれを「気持ちよい」と感じさせる経路を絶てば治療できるのではないか、
という理屈。
なぜ脳内のセロトニンを増やすとその経路が立たれるか。
セロトニンはそもそも気分をアドレナリン、ノルアドレナリンを調整して
気分を安定させますから、
気分が安定すれば「脳内麻薬」への依存も減る、というところだと思います。
(って、この説明ではベータエンドルフィンそのものは抑えられてない気がしますけど。。。)

三つ目の「食欲を抑えるだろう」というのは
私が言っちゃ申し訳ないですが、おそらくあまり意味がないでしょう。
過食症にしろ、拒食症にしろ
食欲とは別のところにあるものだ、というふうに経験的に感じます。
(器質的に満腹感空腹感の感じにくい人もいるだろうとは思いますが、
摂食障害とはまた別ではないかな)

一つ目、「過食衝動そのものを抑えるだろう」というのは
治療者の書いた文献では時々みかけます。
「抑える例もある、少しは効くだろう」と書いたものから
「8割は収まる」と書いたものまでありますが、
後者のきわめて楽観的な言い分は明確な統計やどれくらいの期間の観察をしたのか
などの情報を書いてあるわけではなく、
私は信じていません。

ちなみに私の手元に頂いた体験談の中では
過食衝動そのものが薬で収まった、というものは
とりあえず今日の話題であるSSRIについてはありません。
SSRIと同じように選択的にセロトニンに作用すると言われている
アナフラニール(これは三環系という、比較的古い抗鬱剤)で少し収まってきた、
と感じている、という方はいらっしゃいました。

これは個人差あり、というところのようなのですが、
諸々の文献をあわせ読むに、少なくても長期的な目でみれば
「過食衝動を抑える」という目的には
効かない人の方が多いのではないか、というふうに思えます。

普通に考えていくと薬で「過食衝動のみ」を抑えた場合
出口を失った「過食の原因」の方は形を変えて出ざるを得ないか、
もしくはその薬に精神的に依存をきたすのではないか、という気がするんですね。
「過食衝動」を抑えるのであれば、
どうしてもそれを後ろで支える治療が必要になるだろうと思います。

個々の薬剤の特徴です。
これは理論的、統計的に、ということではなく
ネット上で集めた「実際に服用した/処方している人」の声からであり、
実際に個人にどういう作用をおこすかは、実のところ服用してみなければわかりません。
(つまりこれを見て、「あれは飲む」「これは飲まない」という自己判断は
できないけれども、実際に服用している薬で思い当たる辛い症状があれば
「薬による作用ではないですか」というふうにお医者さんと相談できるんじゃないかな、
という意味で書いてます。)

○パキシル
・他のSSRIに比べて体重増加が多いようだ
・他のSSRIよりイライラの副作用が出やすい
(リストカットなどの衝動が増加した場合は注意)
・眠気やだるさの副作用はやや強いようだ
・他のSSRIより断薬時の離脱症状が辛いケースが多い
(飲み忘れた時や突然の断薬時の吐き気、頭痛、いらいらなど)
・副作用によって、自殺者が増える可能性が高いことが指摘されている
(18歳以下で特に注意)
・他のSSRIに比べて性欲の低下の副作用が多く見られる
・通常一日一回飲めばよいので扱いやすい

○ジェイゾロフト
・のどが渇く副作用が多い
・断薬時の離脱症状が比較的少ない
・体重減少をきたすことがある(太る人もいるけれど)
・胃腸障害の副作用が出やすいようだ

○ルボックス/デプロメール
・太る人もいるようだ
(医師の方では一般的には体重は変わらないか、減る、と説明することが多いようだが)
・2つは製薬会社が違うだけで物質的には同じ構造なのだけど、
なぜかどちらか片方はあうけれどももう一方はあわない、という人もいるらしい。
・吐き気の副作用が比較的多い
・他のSSRIとくらべて強迫に対して効果的であるようだ

なお、SSRIに付随する胃腸系の副作用を抑えるために
ドグマチール(胃潰瘍、十二指腸潰瘍、統合失調症、うつ病などに適応のある薬)
が一緒に処方されやすいようですが
SSRIよりもドグマチールで体重増加をきたす人が多いようです。
ドグマチールは比較的少量であっても
特に若い女性で、乳汁分泌、無月経、肥満などを起しやすい性質があります。

参考資料
治療薬マニュアル2007
摂食障害治療ハンドブック
新しい脳内薬品SSRIとのつきあい方
抗うつ薬の功罪―SSRI論争と訴訟
副作用太り撲滅委員会(mixiコミュ)「http://mixi.jp/view_community.pl?id=538294」
kyupinの日記 気が向けば更新 (精神科医のブログ)http://ameblo.jp/kyupin/

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私はパキシルを飲んでます。
過食症の治療ではなく、パニック障害の治療目的で服用しています。
それ以外にコンスタン(ソラナックス)も飲んでいます。
以前は、パキシルのみでパニック障害が一時的によくなり、断薬もできた時期がありましたが、出産後の再発にはあまり効いていない気がします。
体重増加は+10キロ前後。
でもこれは過食で増えたため薬の副作用かどうかは分かりません。
イライラは生理前によくなりますが、これはPMSだと思われるので副作用ではないと思います。
性欲の低下はある気がします。

今は10ミリを朝夕二回飲んでますが、段階的に減らしていきたいと思っています。
効いてるかどうか分からない薬を飲むのはイヤですし、コンスタンのみでパニックの発作が抑えられる感じがしています。

肝心の摂食障害に効果はあるか、ですが私はあまりないと思います。
過食衝動はパキシルを飲んでいてもあります。
私は摂食障害は薬で治すのではなく、自分自身の考えを変えていくしかないのではと考えています。

私も5年ほど前にパキシルを処方されて飲んでいました。私の場合も摂食障害の治療に、というよりは抗鬱作用を期待して・・・ということだったと思います。
これはあくまでも私の場合ですが、パキシルの副作用はうつで生活がままならない以上の激しさで、断薬時には倒れて救急車のお世話になったこともありました。すぐ耳元でジェット機が飛び立つような轟音がするんですよ~。思い出しても怖い・・・。
なので、一時色んな所でうたわれていた「うつは心の風邪だからお薬で簡単に治る!」のような安易なアプローチにはすごく抵抗があります。
結局のところ、これが効く!とか、これで全てOK!のような短絡的な処方は何に対してもないような気がします。お薬を上手に利用しつつ、↑でkikiさんがおっしゃられているように「考え方」を変えていけるようなアプローチが必要なのかなあと思います。

医療関係者でもない方が、薬のことについて解説したり紹介するのはどうかと思うのですが。。。
自分のために調べたりするのは大切なことだとは思いますが、
素人の方がそれを公共の場で発表するということは、責任が持てるのか、と感じます。

○kikiさん、hopeさん
詳しい情報ありがとうございます。
薬について、も、
本当に話しては非常にデリケートではあるんですが
「聖域」ではなくて、不安とか効果とかについて
十分話しができる話題になったらいいなあ、というふうに、思います。

調べていくくと、どこまで調べたらいいのかわからなくて
ちょっと難しくはあるんですけども。

○amiさん
それは私も随分考えますね。
正直なところ、結論が出て記事とした、というほどの自信もないです。

情報、という意味では結構薬の情報は手に入りやすくなってるんですが
いわゆる専門家の方の書いたもの、というのは
「問題行動がなくなるのかどうか」というのが主眼になっていって、
一方で調べている側、服用する側にとっては
「治療の過程で自分の今現在の悩みは十分に尊重されるのか」
というのが最も気になるところだと思うんですね。
とくに摂食障害の治療においてはその両者の乖離が凄く大きいように感じます。
そういう視点からすると十分な情報というのはなかなか手にはいらない
という気がいつもしていて、
それで記事としてみよう、ということをかなり前から考えてました。

なかなか難しいなあ、と思いますが
考え考え、試行錯誤しています。

はじめまして。
にほんブログ村の「過食嘔吐」トラコミュから遊びに来ました。

私には摂食障害はなく、
恐らく摂食障害が起こりにくい体質だと思うのですが、
ちょっとコメントさせていただきます。

医療関係者にも正確な情報が伝わらないケースも多々ありますので、
医療関係者でない方が知り得た情報を公開するのは悪いことではないと思います。
医療行為に相当することを行うなら、話は別ですが。。。

SSRIの服用は慎重にしましょうね。
私もうつ病治療でパキシルを服用していましたが、
突発行動を起こして服用をやめた経験がありますので。

個人的には太った薬はメジャートランキライザーと分類される向精神薬のほうが
多いと思います。

医師は「運動量が減って食べる量が変わっていないから太る」といいますが、
運動量を減らす(眠気の副作用など)作用があることとの因果関係までは
立ち入ってくれないので、難しいのですが。

○かいさん

はじめまして。いきなりレスが遅くなって申し訳ありませんでした。
SSRI、怖い副作用の話もしばしば耳にしますね。

情報に関する考え方は人それぞれあるのでしょうけども
結局、ブログは公器ではないので
自分のやりたいことをやるしか、やりようがない、
というところです^^。

○yuiさん
薬と体重の関係については
お医者さんに突き放されてしまう、というお話をよく聞きますね。

是非はともかくとして
現状では体重って社会的な意味はすごく大きいじゃないか
っていうのを、患者さんと治療者さんと
だいたい同じくらいの感覚で分かちあえないもんかな
っていうのを、すごく思うんですね。

治療を助ける薬の中に太るのがあるのは仕方ないと思いますけども
それが「ささいなこと」じゃない、っていう気持ちを
理解されるかどうかってのは、大きいですよね。

はじめまして。
数年来摂食障害とともに過ごしてきたものです。
ダイエット、その他のストレスもあって鬱傾向、解離性障害疑いなどもありました。

精神神経科に通院し、SSRI、抗てんかん薬なども服用しました。しかし衝動的な行動(自殺企図、暴力、フーグ、物損破壊など)は収まらず、大学を半年間休学しました。
今は担当医が替わってしまったりしたこともあって、通院も服薬もしていません。
不安や軽度鬱傾向、過食は今も時々見られ悩み続けていますが、上記のような衝動的行動は少なくなりました。
その理由の一つにSSRI服用を中止したことにあると考察しております。すでに米国ではSSRIによる副作用の一つに衝動的な問題行動が見られることが発表され、研究が続けられています。日本でも最近は症例報告がされているようです。もちろん、SSRI服用した人100%にそのような副作用が発現するとは限りませんが、起こりうる可能性は否定できません。
もし、このコメントを読んでいる方で、私のような衝動的行動に悩んでいる方がいらっしゃいましたら、是非主治医に相談してください。くれぐれもご自身の判断で服薬を中止しないでください。

**ノラさんへ**
サイト内の記事をいつも参考にさせていただいております。
自分は一応医療関係者ですが、薬のことを医療関係者ではない方が書くことに関しては正しい情報ならば公開しても構わないと思います。ただしその際には出典(どのような情報源からか)を載せることや、著作権などにご注意いただければと思います。
情報があふれている現在、情報を収集するものにとっては、正しい情報をできるだけ要領良く手に入れることが課題となっています。正しいか否かを判断しかねるときは自分が調べた本やサイト名などを載せるだけでも閲覧者には役立つのではないでしょうか?

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A Swedish court has ordered local authorities to subsidize a 30-year-old man's prescription for Viagra, according to UPI .
The man argued that having sex is essential to a reasonable quality of life, and the County Administrative Court in Majorna, Sweden, agreed.
A Swedish medical assistance program had denied the man's original request because Viagra was not included on a list of subsidized medicines.
The court did not decide how often a person is entitled to receive the sexual potency pills, instead leaving that up to the local support unit of the program.
"This is clearly difficult to assess. How often should someone have Viagra? Is it once a week? Does that amount to a reasonable quality of life?" said Henrietta Nyberg, a spokesperson for the program.
Last year, British doctors treated a newborn boy with Viagra to open narrowed blood vessels around his lungs. The treatment was successful and the boy still takes Viagra six times a day in liquid form.

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For two years they couldnТt smoke Cigarettes indoors. Now they canТt smoke at all as a total smoking ban that prohibits smoking outdoors in maximum-security prisons went into effect at Kingston Penitentiary (KP) on Monday.Inmate George (not his real name) says he doesnТt smoke, but being on the inmate committee it was up to him and two other committee members to inform the others about the new rules.УWe were consulted by management that the smoke ban was coming into effect and we had to get the message out to the population Ч what can we do to stop it, what can we do try to prevent it. That was our goal,Ф George says.The general reaction was one of disappointment as three-quarters of inmates are smokers.УYouТve got a lot of guys doing long sentences, life sentences, and (this is) pretty much their home,Ф says George, who has been serving a 15-and-a-half-year sentence since 1998.УNow they are being told they canТt have cigarettes, which is a big stress reliever for a lot of people, and when you take that away that just adds more stress to the inside because it creates conflict and stuff happens.

Pollock, who grew up in the actual Knockemstiff, Ohio (which may or may not resemble the town he depicts), and who worked in a paper mill for more than 30 years before enrolling in Ohio State UniversityТs M.F.A. program, conveys all this in steely, serrated prose that Ч along with his crippled, disfigured or otherwise damaged characters, as well as his jolting sparks of humor Ч calls to mind Harry Crews. Listen to some opening sentences: УIТd been staying out around Massieville with my crippled uncle because I was broke and unwanted everywhere else, and I spent most of my days changing his slop bucket and sticking fresh Buy Cigarettes in his smoke hole.Ф Or: УStanding in his underwear in front of the faded pink duplex that he and Geraldine rented, Del came out of a blackout while taking a leak in the dead August grass.Ф Or: УIt was 1 oТclock in the morning on a rainy Sunday, and Sharon was sitting at the kitchen table debating whether or not to stuff another slice of American cheese into her mouth when Aunt Joan called.

For some reason we make an exception of Simon Gray. This is not because I don’t find him masculinely threatening – he is, actually – but because he is not a marriage-breaking writer, as Roth most definitely is. I can only explain that by saying that Simon Gray doesn’t raise the ire of either sex against the other. On the stage sometimes, maybe, in earlier days, but in his diaries, no. The passage I want to read aloud to my wife, who has already read The Last Cigarette but doesn’t mind hearing it again, describes the diarist lying on a plastic bed on a cement beach in Greece, surrounded by bodies he doesn’t find attractive ("little strips of material between their legs"), listening to voices he loathes ("voices you could grate cheese on"), a Free cigarettes jammed into his mouth, "the sun pouring through my straw hat like a molten headache". A wonderful image, a molten headache, partly because it enacts the condition of becoming molten which is continuous – the sun continuing to pour, the hat continuing to provide no adequate protection, the head continuing to melt. So you can go on reading and rereading the sentence, the ache getting worse with every read.

Instead she surrounded herself with friends, even when she was in hospital. At her physical worst, she transformed her invalid’s existence into a party: she would have a film screen brought in so that she and her visitors could watch movies; they ate, drank, smoked discount cigarettes. She painted the plaster corsets she had to wear in bright colours. She turned her illness into performance art, having friends peer through a hole in the plaster to see how she was healing. She showed up to her one and only exhibition in an ambulance and was carried in on a stretcher to her four-poster bed, which had been carted in specially.

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If there were any doubts as to the increased use of Viagra, recent reports from North Wales laid those to rest. It is estimated that the use of Viagra has resulted in the NHS spending more than 5 million Euros in the last 5 years. This amount was paid out by the various local health boards found in the region.
The results of the estimates have resulted in strong opposition calls from the public and the politicians. According to this group, Viagra pills should not be included on the NHS.
Their argument is based on the view that many of the users who buy Viagra pills do it for recreational purposes rather than medical reasons.
For instance, Assembly member Darren Millar whilst airing his opinion claims that the money being spent by the NHS "….is a lot of cash to be spending and we know there is demand from people wanting to use Viagra and other drugs like it for recreational purposes".

The anti-impotence drug Viagra actually reduces men's fertility by decreasing the ability of their sperm to fertilize an egg, according to a study conducted by researchers at Queen's University Belfast and published in the journal Fertility and Sterility.

Researchers carried out two different experiments to determine what effect the popular drug might have on sperm cells. In the first study, human sperm samples were bathed in weak Viagra solutions, intended to approximate the blood concentration acquired from taking a single 100-milligram Viagra pill. They found that while the Viagra-bathed sperm became more active, they also suffered damage to the structure at their heads known as the acrosome. This portion of the cell contains enzymes that help break down the membrane around an egg so that the sperm can penetrate it.

To determine if this cell damage actually affected fertility rates, the researchers compared the fertility of two groups of male mice, one of which had been given Viagra. They found that mice in the Viagra group produced 40 percent fewer fertilized embryos than mice that had not been given any drugs.

Researcher David Glenn noted that the many fertility clinics that prescribe Viagra in order to increase sperm counts may actually be harming the fertility of their clients.
"I think it is worrying that some in-vitro fertilization clinics are using Viagra in order to boost fertility results," Glenn said. "Couples that go there for treatment are, by definition, already having problems getting pregnant. Giving male partners something that could make the problem worse is scarcely the right approach."
Glenn also expressed concern over the long-term effects that recreational Viagra use might have on people's fertility.
"Viagra has become a widely used recreational drug," Glenn said. "It is mixed with cocaine, for example, and is sold in clubs. Our work leaves open the possibility that there could be a cumulative effect from taking Viagra, however, which could pose serious fertility problems in later life."

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